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Rare Earth Investment Chart Overview

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USGS Long-term U.S. and World Rare Earth Mine Production

Latest: 2020 1900 – 2020

USGS Long-term U.S. and World Rare Earth Mine Production. REO means rare-earth-oxide equivalent, a common basis that makes differently reported rare-earth materials comparable. U.S. and world production use separate panels because the world scale is much larger; neither line represents refined output. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

U.S. rare earth mine production

U.S. rare earth mine production

World rare earth mine production

World rare earth mine production
  • REO means rare-earth-oxide equivalent, a common basis that makes differently reported rare-earth materials comparable.
  • U.S. and world production use separate panels because the world scale is much larger; neither line represents refined output.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Data Series 140
Data through:
2020
Frequency:
Annual
Units:
metric tons REO
Annual USGS historical statistics are kept in metric tons of rare-earth-oxide equivalent (REO); missing years remain blank.
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USGS U.S. Rare Earth Supply and Apparent Consumption

Latest: 2020 1900 – 2020

USGS U.S. Rare Earth Supply and Apparent Consumption. Apparent consumption is a supply-balance estimate of material available to U.S. users, not a survey of final-use demand. Production, imports and exports use the same REO basis, but historical definitions and revisions can change across source vintages. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

U.S. production and apparent consumption

U.S. production and apparent consumption

U.S. rare earth trade

U.S. rare earth trade
  • Apparent consumption is a supply-balance estimate of material available to U.S. users, not a survey of final-use demand.
  • Production, imports and exports use the same REO basis, but historical definitions and revisions can change across source vintages.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Data Series 140
Data through:
2020
Frequency:
Annual
Units:
metric tons REO
Annual production, trade and apparent-consumption series retain the USGS REO-equivalent ton basis and published gaps.
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USGS Rare Earth Mine Production and Reserves by Country

Latest: Vietnam Australia – Vietnam

USGS Rare Earth Mine Production and Reserves by Country. Reserves are deposits judged economically recoverable under current conditions, so they can change with prices, technology and reassessment. Production is an annual flow while reserves are a point-in-time stock; separate panels prevent their very different scales from hiding countries. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Mine production by country

Mine production by country

Reserves by country

Reserves by country
  • Reserves are deposits judged economically recoverable under current conditions, so they can change with prices, technology and reassessment.
  • Production is an annual flow while reserves are a point-in-time stock; separate panels prevent their very different scales from hiding countries.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Mineral Commodity Summaries data release
Data through:
2025
Frequency:
Annual MCS release
Units:
metric tons REO
Both panels use one latest common MCS year and show every source country without combining production flows and reserve stocks into one ranking; estimates remain identified in the sheet.
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USGS U.S. Rare Earth Production and Apparent Consumption

Latest: 2025 2021 – 2025

USGS U.S. Rare Earth Production and Apparent Consumption. Mineral concentrate is an upstream mined product, while compounds and metals are downstream processed material; the two production lines should not be added. Apparent consumption estimates available compounds and metals from the supply balance, not measured use by every final product. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

U.S. rare earth production stages

U.S. rare earth production stages

U.S. apparent consumption of compounds and metals

U.S. apparent consumption of compounds and metals
  • Mineral concentrate is an upstream mined product, while compounds and metals are downstream processed material; the two production lines should not be added.
  • Apparent consumption estimates available compounds and metals from the supply balance, not measured use by every final product.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Mineral Commodity Summaries data release
Data through:
2025
Frequency:
Annual
Units:
metric tons
The chart keeps USGS annual mineral-concentrate and compounds/metals stages separate; missing or withheld values remain blank.
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USGS U.S. Rare Earth Net Import Reliance

Latest: 2025 2021 – 2025

USGS U.S. Rare Earth Net Import Reliance. Net import reliance compares net imports with apparent consumption to show how much U.S. compounds-and-metals supply depends on foreign material. The “>” sign is part of the source value: “>95” means above 95%, so the exact percentage is not claimed. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Net import reliance for compounds and metals

Net import reliance for compounds and metals
  • Net import reliance compares net imports with apparent consumption to show how much U.S. compounds-and-metals supply depends on foreign material.
  • The “>” sign is part of the source value: “>95” means above 95%, so the exact percentage is not claimed.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Mineral Commodity Summaries data release
Data through:
2025
Frequency:
Annual
Units:
%
Annual MCS percentages retain the published qualifier. A value shown as >95 means greater than 95%, not exactly 95% or a capped value.
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USGS U.S. Rare Earth Import Sources

Latest: Japan China – Japan

USGS U.S. Rare Earth Import Sources. Import share shows the country from which U.S. rare-earth materials were imported during the stated period, not necessarily where the ore was mined. These are period-average trade shares for covered materials; finished products containing rare earths can fall outside the measure. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Share of U.S. rare earth imports by source country

Share of U.S. rare earth imports by source country
  • Import share shows the country from which U.S. rare-earth materials were imported during the stated period, not necessarily where the ore was mined.
  • These are period-average trade shares for covered materials; finished products containing rare earths can fall outside the measure.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey — Mineral Commodity Summaries data release
Data through:
2021-2024
Frequency:
Annual MCS release · multi-year share period
Units:
%
Country shares use the published multi-year MCS period and are translated only after raw-country ranking; rounding may keep the total from equaling exactly 100%.
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IEA Magnet Rare Earth Demand Outlook

Latest: 2050 2025 – 2050

IEA Magnet Rare Earth Demand Outlook. Magnet rare earths are elements used in permanent magnets, especially for electric-vehicle motors and wind turbines; this is narrower than all rare earths. CPS, STEPS and HDS are different policy-demand scenarios, while the second panel breaks only STEPS into electric vehicles, wind and other uses. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Total demand by policy scenario

Total demand by policy scenario

STEPS demand by end use

STEPS demand by end use
  • Magnet rare earths are elements used in permanent magnets, especially for electric-vehicle motors and wind turbines; this is narrower than all rare earths.
  • CPS, STEPS and HDS are different policy-demand scenarios, while the second panel breaks only STEPS into electric vehicles, wind and other uses.
Sources: International Energy Agency — Critical Minerals Data Explorer
Data through:
IEA GCMO 2026 · outlook to 2050
Frequency:
Five-year scenario points
Units:
kt magnet rare earths
IEA scenario values remain thousand tonnes of magnet rare earth elements; CPS, STEPS and HDS are alternatives rather than quantities to add together.
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IEA Magnet Rare Earth Mining and Refining Outlook

Latest: 2040 2025 – 2040

IEA Magnet Rare Earth Mining and Refining Outlook. Mining extracts ore or concentrate, while refining separates and processes magnet rare-earth material; country leadership can differ between the two stages. The lines are IEA base-case projections, not guaranteed projects or capacity commitments, and “other countries” preserves the source aggregate. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Projected mining total

Projected mining total

Projected mining by country

Projected mining by country

Projected refining total

Projected refining total

Projected refining by country

Projected refining by country
  • Mining extracts ore or concentrate, while refining separates and processes magnet rare-earth material; country leadership can differ between the two stages.
  • The lines are IEA base-case projections, not guaranteed projects or capacity commitments, and “other countries” preserves the source aggregate.
Sources: International Energy Agency — Critical Minerals Data Explorer
Data through:
IEA GCMO 2026 · outlook to 2040
Frequency:
Five-year scenario points
Units:
kt magnet rare earths
IEA base-case supply projections remain thousand tonnes of magnet rare earth elements. Mining and refining totals are shown separately and are not added.
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IEA 2035 Rare Earth Expected Supply and Primary Supply Requirements

Latest: Primary supply requirements Expected supply – Primary supply requirements

IEA 2035 Rare Earth Expected Supply and Primary Supply Requirements. Expected supply compares the IEA base and high-production cases; primary supply requirements are policy-scenario needs, not another supply forecast. “Additional in STEPS/HDS” is an increment relative to CPS, so it must not be read as the whole requirement or added to either supply case. Wheel/Pinch=Zoom · Drag=Box zoom · Alt+Drag/Arrows=Pan · Double-click=Reset

Expected supply cases

Expected supply cases

Primary supply requirement cases

Primary supply requirement cases
  • Expected supply compares the IEA base and high-production cases; primary supply requirements are policy-scenario needs, not another supply forecast.
  • “Additional in STEPS/HDS” is an increment relative to CPS, so it must not be read as the whole requirement or added to either supply case.
Sources: International Energy Agency — Expected mine supply and primary supply requirements for rare earths by scenario, 2035
Data through:
IEA source updated 2026-07-09 · 2035 comparison
Frequency:
Single-year scenario comparison
Units:
kt magnet rare earths
The two source categories are preserved exactly. Expected-supply cases and requirement increments have different meanings and are never summed by the chart.

This data is provided for general informational purposes only and may not be entirely accurate. All investment decisions are solely the responsibility of the investor, and we assume no liability for any losses arising from the use of this data. Please consult a qualified professional if necessary.

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Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 140 · U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries data release · International Energy Agency Critical Minerals Data Explorer.

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